Coordinates: 24°51′N 67°02′E / 24.85°N 67.033°E / 24.85; 67.033

Full moon shines over the city

The climate of Karachi features an arid climate, albeit a moderate version of this climate. Karachi is located on the coast and as a result has a relatively mild climate. Karachi has two main seasons; Summer & Winter, while spring and autumn are very short. Summer season persists for longest period during the year. The level of precipitation is low for most of the year. Less precipitation during summer is due to inversion layer. Karachi also receives the monsoon rains from July to September. The city enjoys a tropical climate encompassing mild winters and warm summers. The humidity levels usually remain high from March to November, while very low in Winter as the wind direction in winter is North Easterly. Since summer temperatures (From the end of April till the end of August) are approximately 30 °C (86 °F) to 36 °C (97 °F), the winter months (From November till the end of March) are the best time to visit Karachi. Most visitors, tourists and expatriates come to Karachi during the month of December.

Factors[link]

The monsoon and the Western Disturbance are the two main factors which alter the weather over Karachi; otherwise, Continental air prevails for rest of the year. Following are the main factors that alter the weather over Karachi city.

• Western Disturbances mostly occur during the winter months and cause drizzle to light showers, temperature also decreases due to it.
• Tropical Storms usually form during the summer months from late April till June and then from late September till November.
• Southwest Monsoon occurs in summer from the month of July till September. Monsoon rains bring much awaited relief from the scorching summer heat. These monsoon rains are quite heavy by nature and can cause significant flooding.
• Continental air prevails during the period when there is no precipitation in the metropolis.

Monthly weather conditions[link]

Like all other cities, Karachi too has four season which is Winter, Summer, Autumn and Spring. The monsoon season also occurs in Summer. The following is a monthly summary of climatic conditions in the city.

January[link]

In the month of January, the cold conditions continue in the city and sometimes get very cold due to the Western Disturbance. Humidity remains low in January. Rains do occur in this month but are moderate in intensity, the sky remains overcast for some part of the month. The highest rainfall during this month was 89.3 millimetres (3.52 in), which occurred in 1995.^[2] On 29 January 2011, an intense but short spell of rain lashed all parts of the city, at least 9 millimetres (0.35 in) rainfall was recorded.^[3] The lowest temperature of 0.0 °C (32.0 °F) was recorded on 21 January 1934,^[2] while the highest temperature of 32.8 °C (91.0 °F) was recorded on 16 January 1965.^[2]

Foggy morning in the winter of Karachi.

February[link]

Until the middle of the month, the cold conditions continue after that the weather becomes mild throughout the month. The sky remains overcast with drizzle or light rain as a result of the Western Disturbance. Humidity remains between 40–60%. The lowest temperature was 3.3 °C (37.9 °F) on 11 February 1950 and the highest was 36.1 °C (97.0 °F) on 25 February 1996.^[2] The highest monthly rainfall of 96 millimetres (3.8 in) was recorded in 1979.^[2]

March[link]

Till the beginning of March the weather becomes hot. The lowest temperature ever recorded was 7 °C (45 °F) on 9 March 1979 and the highest was 41.5 °C (106.7 °F) on 2 March 2004.^[2] The highest temperature was again recorded in 2010. Being a hot month there is no rain, yet drizzle can occur rarely. March is the annual spring season in Karachi after winter; spring brings beautiful flowers in the city. Many flowers shows are also held in the city in March. A weather system dumped 130 millimetres (5.1 in) rain in 1967, which is March's highest rainfall for the city.^[2]

April[link]

The heatwave of March continues in April as well. Temperatures increase and the weather remains dry and hot. The humidity remains between 65–75%. The highest temperature during April was 44.4 °C (111.9 °F), which was recorded on 16 April 1947, while the lowest temperature of 12.2 °C (54.0 °F) was recorded on 29 April 1967.^[2] Rain is rare in this month. The highest monthly rainfall of 52.8 millimetres (2.08 in) was recorded in 1935.^[2]

May[link]

May is the hottest month for Karachi, with temperatures touching 40 °C (104 °F). The hottest May was on 9 May 1938, when temperatures reached 48.8 °C (119.8 °F); the lowest temperature ever recorded was on 4 May 1989 when 17.7 °C (63.9 °F) was recorded.^[2] The humidity is quite high in this month as well between 70–80%. The traffic remains low during the afternoon due to intense heat. Rainfall remains rare during this month and the sky remains cloudless. The highest monthly rain that occurred was in May 1933, when 33 millimetres (1.3 in) rain lashed the city.^[4] In 1999, 2001 and 2010, three major cyclones were formed that came close to Karachi. The 1999 cyclone (the fourth strongest cyclone of the Arabian Sea) hit close to Karachi, while the 2001 India cyclone (the third strongest cyclone of the Arabian Sea) made landfall near the Indian border. Cyclone Phet was formed in May 2010, about 1100 km away from Karachi.

June[link]

Drizzle is common in June as Pre-Monsoon rain.

The temperatures of May continue through June with a slight decrease. The highest temperature of June was 47 °C (117 °F) on 18 June 1979, and the lowest was 22.1 °C (71.8 °F), recorded on 3 June 1997.^[2] On 6 June 2010, Cyclone Phet came close to the coast of Karachi as a weak tropical depression, at about 50 km away from the city after a week-long journey. Phet produced a very heavy downpour in the city, which broke the previous record of June 2007. About 152 millimetres (6.0 in) of rain with 35 mph (56 km/h) winds occurred due to Phet.^[5]

July[link]

Monsoon cloud hovering over the city

In the month of July, the monsoon reaches its peak and produces heavy to very heavy rainfall. As in June, the sky remains overcast with only 3 to 4 hours of sunlight a day, with occasional drizzle at night or early morning. Two or three rainstorms that continue for few days are common in this month. The highest July temperature of 42.2 °C (108.0 °F) was recorded on 3 July 1958 and the lowest temperature was 21.2 °C (70.2 °F) on 22 July 1997.^[2] The highest monthly rainfall for July was 429.3 mm (16.90 in) in 1967.^[2]

August[link]

The weather of August is identical to that of July. One or two weather systems lash the city in this month, causing significant flooding. In 2006, after two years of drought (2004 and 2005), widespread rainfall of 77 millimetres (3.0 in) occurred in the city to break the drought period.^[6] On 11 August 2007, a very strong tropical depression produced 191 millimetres (7.5 in) in just two days.^[7] Rain continued for three days with intense thunderstorms; another monsoon low produced 80 millimetres (3.1 in) of rain on 22 August 2007^[8] with 98 mph (158 km/h) winds.^[9] The monsoon typically starts to get weak from the last week of August, but still has the potential to cause heavy rains in the city, as on 31 August 2009, when 147 millimetres (5.8 in) of rain was recorded^[10] with 106 mph (171 km/h) winds.^[11] But history has shown that the monsoon withdraws from Karachi during the final days of August. The highest rainfall for August is 271 millimetres (10.7 in), which occurred in 2007;^[12] the highest temperature was 41.7 °C (107.1 °F) on 9 August 1964, while the lowest temperature was 21.0 °C (69.8 °F), recorded on 7 August 1984.^[2] The city's highest rainfall in 24 hours also occurred in August, on 7 August 1953, which is about 278.1 millimetres (10.95 in) of rain battered the city.^[13]

September[link]

The first two weeks of September can have some good rains. After the first two weeks, the monsoon completely withdraws from the city, and the sky remains sunny and dry. There is a slight decrease in humidity, which hovers between 70–80%, and an increase in temperatures. Rain in this month is inconsistent. During the monsoon of 2005 no rain occurred in the city raising the fears of drought but from 12 September till 13 September heavy rainfall lashed the city about 80 millimetres (3.1 in) rainfall was recorded.^[14][15] From 12 September evening till 13 September afternoon, 2011 a total of 140 millimetres (5.5 in) occurred in the city that caused urban flooding in almost all parts of the city.^[16] The highest rainfall for September was 315.7 millimetres (12.43 in) in 1959.^[2][4] The highest temperature was 42.2 °C (108.0 °F) on 30 September 1951 and the lowest temperature recorded was 18.2 °C (64.8 °F) on 23 September 1994.^[2]

Sunset in Karachi

October[link]

October is the driest month in the city. The highest temperature of 43.3 °C (109.9 °F) was recorded on 1 October 1959 and lowest was 10.0 °C (50.0 °F) recorded on 30 October 1949.^[2] Morning is hazy and the winds are calm, the sky remains clear with hot conditions. The highest monthly rainfall for October is 98mm, which occurred in 1959.^[2] During the year of 2004 the city received no significant rains with the exception of a heavy rain which occurred in October due to Cyclone Onil.

November[link]

November has warm days and cool nights. Mid-November conditions are much like those of October. During the last weeks of November there is a gradual decrease in temperature and thus winter begins, but it is not that cold. The first weeks of November are typically dry and the last week of November is cold. Showers occur in this month due to the Western Disturbance and causes the temperatures to decrease. On 9 November 2010 remnants of Cyclone Jal caused gusty winds in the metropolis.^[17] The highest rainfall for November is 83.1 millimetres (3.27 in), which occurred in 1959.^[2] The highest and lowest temperatures are 38.5 °C (101.3 °F) recorded on 2 November 1994 and 6.1 °C (43.0 °F) recorded on 29 November 1938 respectively.^[2]

December[link]

The month of December is the annual winter month, but winter becomes more chilly in January. In December the weather remains cool. The sky remains cloudy for part of the month, causing temperatures to decrease. Rainfalls are common in the city during the month of December due to the western disturbance coming from the Mediterranean sea. The highest monthly rainfall of 63.6 millimetres (2.50 in) was recorded in 1980.^[2] During December 2006 a strong westerly "low" pressure resulted in 60.5 millimetres (2.38 in) of rain in the city.^[18] The highest recorded temperature for December was 34.5 °C (94.1 °F) on 11 December 2001 and the lowest temperature was 1.3 °C (34.3 °F), which occurred on 14 December 1986.^[2]

Monsoon precipitation in Karachi[link]

The average annual rainfall for Karachi is 200 millimetres (7.9 in); the highest annual rainfall of 713 millimetres (28.1 in) was recorded in 1967.^[2] Annual monsoon rains for Karachi amount to 146.5 millimetres (5.77 in). The city experienced above-normal monsoon rainfalls in 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010 and 2011, while in 2004 and 2005 the city received below-normal rainfall. In 2009 the country received 30% below normal rainfall with the exception of Sindh, including Karachi, which received above normal monsoon rains.^[19] Karachi has seen record-breaking rainfalls during monsoon season since 2003 with the exception of 2004 and 2005. Following is the annual monsoon rainfall for the last few years based on data from the Pakistan Meteorological Department.^[20]

Pakistan Meteorological Departments in Karachi[link]

• Institute of Meteorology & Geophysics – IMG (Training Center) Karachi
• National Seismic Monitoring and Tsunami Early warning Center, Karachi
• Climate Data Processing Center, Karachi
• Tropical Cyclone Warning Center, Karachi
• National Seismic Monitoring Center, Karachi
• Directorate of Maintenance, Karachi
• Directorate of Forecasting and Climatology, Karachi
• Regional Met. Centers: Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar, Quetta

Gallery[link]

See also[link]

• History of Karachi
• Demographics of Karachi
• List of most populated metropolitan areas in Pakistan
• Climate of Pakistan
• Climate of Sindh
• 2009 Karachi floods
• Pakistan Meteorological Department
• List of extreme weather records in Pakistan

References[link]

External links[link]

• Pakistan Meteorological Department
• Climate Data Of Karachi
• Official site: City District Government of Karachi
• UN World Weather Service
• BBC World Weather – Karachi

It has been suggested that Karachiites be merged into this article or section. (Discuss) Proposed since April 2012.

Karachi کراچی ڪراچي
—  Metropolitan City  —
Counterclockwise from top: Karachi Skyline, M.A. Jinnah Tomb, Karachi Sunday Textile Market, KPT headquarters, Sindh High Court, Kemari Boat Basin and Nagan Interchange
Official seal of Karachi کراچی Seal
Nickname(s): The Gateway to Pakistan, The City of Bright Lights, Mini Pakistan
Karachi کراچی Location of Karachi in Sindh and in Pakistan.
Coordinates: 24°51′36″N 67°0′36″E / 24.86°N 67.01°E / 24.86; 67.01Coordinates: 24°51′36″N 67°0′36″E / 24.86°N 67.01°E / 24.86; 67.01
Country	Pakistan
Province	Sindh
Metropolitan Corporation	2011
City Council	City Complex, Gulshan-e-Iqbal Town
Districts	5 Karachi East Karachi West Karachi South Karachi Central District Malir
Government[1]
• Type	Metropolitan City
• City Administrator	Muhammad Hussain Syed[2]
• Municipal Commissioner	Matanat Ali Khan[3]
Area[4]
• Metropolitan City	3,527 km2 (1,362 sq mi)
Elevation	8 m (26 ft)
Population (2010)[5][6]
• Metropolitan City	13,050,000
• Density	3,700/km2 (9,600/sq mi)
• Metro	13,205,339
Demonym	Karachiite
Time zone	PST (UTC+05:00)
Postal codes	74XXX - 75XXX
Dialling code	+9221-XXXX XXXX
Website	KarachiCity.gov.pk

Karachi ( Karācī (help·info), Urdu: کراچی; Sindhi: ڪراچي) is the largest city, main seaport and financial centre of Pakistan, as well as the capital of the province of Sindh. The city has an estimated population of 13^[5] to 15 million,^[7] while the total metropolitan area has a population of over 13 million.^[6] Results in April 2012 of Pakistan's latest census initial tabulations show that the district is home to over 21 million people, at a density of nearly 6,000 people per square kilometer (15,500 per square mile).^[8] Karachi is the most populous city in the country, one of the world's largest cities in terms of population^[7] and also the 10th largest urban agglomeration in the world.^[9] It is Pakistan's premier centre of banking, industry, economic activity and trade and is home to Pakistan's largest corporations, including those involved in textiles, shipping, automotive industry, entertainment, the arts, fashion, advertising, publishing, software development and medical research. The city is a major hub of higher education in South Asia and the wider Muslim world.^[10]

Karachi is ranked as a Beta world city.^[11][12] It was the original capital of Pakistan until Islamabad was constructed as a forward thrust capital in order to spread development much more evenly across the country and to prevent it from just being concentrated in Karachi.^[13] Karachi is the location of the Port of Karachi and Port Bin Qasim, two of the region's largest and busiest ports. After the independence of Pakistan, the city population increased dramatically when hundreds of thousands of Muhajirs from India and other parts of South Asia came to settle in Karachi.^{[citation needed]}

The city is located in the south of the country, along the coastline meeting the Arabian Sea. It is spread over 3,527 km² (1,362 sq mi) in area, almost four times larger than Hong Kong.^{[citation needed]} It is locally known^{[by whom?]} as the "City of Lights" (روشنیوں کا شہر) and "The bride of the cities" (عروس البلاد) for its liveliness, and the "City of the Quaid" (شہرِ قائد), having been the birth and burial place of Quaid-e-Azam, the Great Leader, (Muhammad Ali Jinnah), the founder of Pakistan, who made the city his home after Pakistan's independence from the British Raj on 14 August 1947.

History[link]

Early history[link]

The area of Karachi was known to the ancient Greeks by many names: Krokola, the place where Alexander the Great camped to prepare a fleet for Babylonia after his campaign in the Indus Valley; 'Morontobara' (probably Manora island near Karachi harbour), from whence Alexander's admiral Nearchus set sail; and Barbarikon, a port of the Bactrian kingdom. It was later known to the Arabs as Debal from where Muhammad bin Qasim led his conquering force into South Asia in 712 AD^[14]

Karachi was founded as "Kolachi" by Sindhi and Baloch tribes from Balochistan and Makran, who established a small fishing community in the area.^[15] Descendants of the original community still live in the area on the small island of Abdullah Goth, which is located near the Karachi Port.The original name "Kolachi" survives in the name of a well-known Karachi locality named "Mai Kolachi" in Sindhi. Mirza Ghazi Beg, the Mughal administrator of Sindh, is among the first historical figures credited for the development of Coastal Sindh (consisting of regions such as the Makran Coast and the Mehran Delta), including the cities of Thatta, Bhambore and Karachi.

During the rule of the Mughal administrator of Sindh, Mirza Ghazi Beg, the city was well fortified against Portuguese colonial incursions in Sindh. During the reign of the Kalhora Dynasty, the present city started life as a fishing settlement when a Sindhi Balochi fisher-woman called Mai Kolachi took up residence and started a family. The city was an integral part of the Talpur dynasty in 1720.

The village that later grew out of this settlement was known as Kolachi-jo-Goth (Village of Kolachi in Sindhi). By the late 1720s, the village was trading across the Arabian Sea with Muscat and the Persian Gulf region. The local Sindhi populace built a small fort was constructed for the protection of the city, armed with cannons imported by Sindhi sailors from Muscat, Oman. The fort had two main gateways: one facing the sea, known as Kharra Darwaaza (Brackish Gate) (Kharadar) and the other facing the Lyari River known as the Meet'ha Darwaaza (Sweet Gate) (Mithadar). The location of these gates correspond to the modern areas of Kharadar (Khārā Dar) and Mithadar (Mīṭhā Dar).

British rule[link]

Dayaram Jethmal College (D.J. College) in the 19th century

Karachi Airport in 1943 during World War II

After sending a couple of exploratory missions to the area, the British East India Company coaptured the town when HMS Wellesley anchored off Manora island on 1 February 1839. Two days later, the little fort surrendered.^[16] The town was later annexed to British India when Sindh was annexed by Major-General Charles James Napier at the Battle of Miani on 17 February 1843. On his departure in 1847, Napier is said to have remarked, "Would that I could come again to see you in your grandeur!" Karachi was made the capital of Sindh in the 1840s. On Napier's departure, it was added along with the rest of Sindh to the Bombay Presidency, a move that caused considerable resentment among the native Sindhis. The British realised the importance of the city as a military cantonment and as a port for exporting the produce of the Indus River basin, and rapidly developed its harbour for shipping. The foundations of a city municipal government were laid down and infrastructure development was undertaken. New businesses started opening up and the population of the town began rising rapidly. The arrival of the troops of the Kumpany Bahadur in 1839 spawned the foundation of the new section, the military cantonment. The cantonment formed the basis of the 'white' town, where the native population had restricted access. The 'white' town was modeled after English industrial parent-cities, where work and residential spaces were separated, as were residential from recreational places. Karachi was divided into two major poles. The 'native' town in the northwest, now enlarged to accommodate the burgeoning Indian mercantile population. When the Indian Rebellion of 1857 broke out in South Asia, the 21st Native Infantry, then stationed in Karachi, declared allegiance to rebels and joining their numbers on 10 September 1857. Nevertheless, the British were able to quickly reassert control over Karachi and defeat the uprising. Officer William 'Waf' Frost was considered to be instrumental in quelling the rebellion and was rewarded for his valour with an OBE. This was awarded to him on 23 April 1858. However, he remains unpopular in areas of Karachi to this day, and is known by some locals as 'chicken' or 'चिकन'.

In 1864, the first telegraphic message was sent from India to England, when a direct telegraph connection was laid between Karachi and London.^[17] In 1878, the city was connected to the rest of British India by rail. Public building projects, such as Frere Hall (1865) and the Empress Market (1890), were undertaken. In 1876, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, was born in the city, which by now had become a bustling city with mosques, temples, courthouses, brothels, paved streets and a magnificent harbour. By 1899, Karachi had become the largest wheat exporting port in the East.^[18] Before the year 1880 the majority of the population in Karachi consisted of the indigenous Sindhis and Balochis (who spoke Sindhi as their mother tongue). Karachi was a small port town and part of Talpur dynasty in Sindh. The British East India Company captured Karachi on February 3, 1839 and started developing it as a major port.^[19] As a result of British rule the local Hindu population established a massive presence in the city.^{[citation needed]}

These developments in Karachi resulted in large influx of economic migrants: Parsis, Hindus, Christians, Jews, Marathis, Goans, Chinese, British, Arabs and Gujaratis. The population of the city was about 105,000 inhabitants by the end of the 19th century, with a cosmopolitan mix of different nationalities. British colonialists embarked on a number of public works of sanitation and transportation — such as gravel paved streets, proper drains, street sweepers, and a network of trams and horse-drawn trolleys.

At the time of Partition of India, Karachi had a population slightly under half a million, out of which 51 per cent were Hindus and 42 per cent were Muslims.^[20]

Independent Pakistan[link]

By the time of independence of Pakistan in 1947, Karachi had become a bustling metropolis with beautiful classical and colonial European styled buildings, lining the city’s thoroughfares. Karachi was chosen as the capital of Pakistan, which at the time included modern day Bangladesh, a region located more than 1,000 km (620 mi) away, and not physically connected to Pakistan. In 1947, Karachi was the focus for settlement by Muslim migrants from India, who drastically expanded the city's population and transformed its demographics and economy. In 1958, the capital of Pakistan was moved from Karachi to Rawalpindi and then in 1960, to the newly built Islamabad. This marked the start of a long period of decline in the city, marked by a lack of development.^[21] Karachi had both a municipal corporation and a Karachi Divisional Council in the 1960s, which developed plans for schools, colleges, roads, municipal gardens, and parks. The Karachi Divisional Council had separate working committees for education, roads, and residential societies development and planning.^[22] During the 1960s, Karachi was seen as an economic role model around the world. Many countries sought to emulate Pakistan's economic planning strategy and one of them, South Korea, copied the city's second "Five-Year Plan" and world Financial Centre in Seoul is designed and modeled after Karachi.^[23][24]

The 1970s saw major labour struggles in Karachi's industrial estates (see Karachi labour unrest of 1972). The 1980s and 1990s saw an influx of refugees from the Soviet war in Afghanistan into Karachi; they were followed in smaller numbers by refugees escaping from Iran.^[25] Karachi especially after the 1970s has emerged as one of the largest Pashtun cities in the world with its Pashtun population estimated to be around five to seven million which is more than Peshawar, Kabul or Kandahar easily.^{[citation needed]} In the late 1980s and early 1990s, ethnic and political violence broke out across the city between Muhajir followers of the Mohajir Quami Movement, ethnic Sindhis and Punjabis and state forces. As a result, the Pakistani army was deployed to restore peace in the city.^[26]

Today, Karachi continues to be an important financial and industrial centre and handles most of the overseas trade of Pakistan and the world, mainly the Asian countries. It accounts for a lion's share of the GDP of Pakistan,^[27] and a large proportion of the country's white collar workers.

Geography[link]

Satellite view of Karachi

Karachi is located in the south of Pakistan, on the coast of the Arabian Sea. Its geographic coordinates are 24°51′ N 67°02′ E. Most of the land consisted largely of flat or rolling plains, with hills on the western and Manora Island and the Oyster Rocks. The Arabian Sea beach lines the southern coastline of Karachi. Mangroves and creeks of the Indus delta can be found toward the southeast side of the city. Toward the west and the north is Cape Monze, locally known as Raas Muari, an area marked by projecting sea cliffs and rocky sandstone promontories. Some excellent beaches can be found in this area. Khasa Hills lie in the northwest and form the border between North Nazimabad Town and Orangi Town. The Manghopir mountain range lies northwest of Karachi, between Hub River and Manghopir.

Climate[link]

Sunset in Karachi

Located on the coast, Karachi has an arid climate with low average precipitation levels (approx. 250 mm (9.8 in) per annum), the bulk of which occurs during the July–August monsoon season. Winters are mild and dry, while the summers are warm and humid; the proximity to the sea maintains humidity levels at a near-constant high and cool sea breezes relieve the heat of the summer months. December and January are dry and pleasant as compared to the warm summers that dominate through the late spring (March) to the pre-monsoon season (June). Compared to other parts of Pakistan, Karachi's weather is considered mild and can be compared to Florida's weather.

The city's highest monthly rainfall, 429.3 mm (16.90 in), occurred in July 1967.^[28] The city's highest rainfall in 24 hours occurred on 7 August 1953, when about 278.1 millimetres (10.95 in) of rain lashed the city, resulting in major flooding.^[29] Karachi's highest recorded temperature is 47 °C (117 °F), which was recorded on June 18, 1979,^[28] and the lowest is 0.0 °C (32.0 °F), recorded on 21 January 1934.^[28]

Economy[link]

The MCB Tower

Malir River Bridge. The Longest bridge in Pakistan.

Karachi is the financial and commercial capital of Pakistan.^[31] In line with its status as a major port and the country's largest metropolis, it accounts for a lion's share of Pakistan's revenue. According to the Federal Board of Revenue's 2006-2007 year book, tax and customs units in Karachi were responsible for 46.75% of direct taxes, 33.65% of federal excise tax, and 23.38% of domestic sales tax.^[32] Karachi accounts for 75.14% of customs duty and 79% of sales tax on imports.^[32] Therefore, Karachi collects a significant 53.38% of the total collections of the Federal Board of Revenue, out of which 53.33% are customs duty and sales tax on imports.^[32] (Note: Revenue collected from Karachi includes revenue from some other areas since the Large Tax Unit (LTU) Karachi and Regional Tax Offices (RTOs) Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur & Quetta cover the entire province of Sindh and Balochistan).^[32] Karachi's indigenous contribution to national revenue is around 25%.^[27]

Karachi's contribution to Pakistan's manufacturing sector amounts to approximately 30 percent.^[33] A substantial part of Sindh’s gross domestic product (GDP) is attributed to Karachi^[34][35] (the GDP of Sindh as a percentage of Pakistan’s total GDP has traditionally hovered around 28%-30%; for more information, see economy of Sindh).^{[34][35][36][37]} Karachi’s GDP is around 20% of the total GDP of Pakistan.^[27][38] A PricewaterhouseCoopers study released in 2009, which surveyed the 2008 GDP of the top cities in the world, calculated Karachi’s GDP (PPP) to be $78 billion^[39] (projected to be $193 billion in 2025 at a growth rate of 5.5%).^[39] It confirmed Karachi’s status as Pakistan’s largest economy, well ahead of the next two biggest cities Lahore and Faisalabad, which had a reported GDP (PPP) in 2008 of $40 billion and $14 billion, respectively.^[39] Karachi's high GDP is based on its mega-industrial base, with a high dependency on the financial sector. Textiles, cement, steel, heavy machinery, chemicals, food, banking and insurance are the major segments contributing to Karachi's GDP. In February 2007, the World Bank identified Karachi as the most business-friendly city in Pakistan.^[40]

Karachi is the nerve center of Pakistan's economy. The economic stagnation caused by political anarchy, ethnic strife and resultant military operation during late 1980s and 1990s led to efflux of industry from Karachi. Most of Pakistan's public and private banks are headquartered on Karachi's I. I. Chundrigar Road; according to a 2001 report, nearly 60% of the cashflow of the Pakistani economy takes place on I. I. Chundrigar Road. Most major foreign multinational corporations operating in Pakistan have their headquarters in Karachi. The Karachi Stock Exchange is the largest stock exchange in Pakistan, and is considered by many economists to be one of the prime reasons for Pakistan's 8% GDP growth across 2005.^[41] A recent report by Credit Suisse on Pakistan's stock market is a testimonial to its strong fundamentals, estimating Pakistan’s relative return on equities at 26.7 percent, compared to Asia’s 11 percent.^[42] Recently, Karachi has seen an expansion of information and communications technology and electronic media and has become the software outsourcing hub of Pakistan. Call centres for foreign companies have been targeted as a significant area of growth, with the government making efforts to reduce taxes by as much as 10% in order to gain foreign investments in the IT sector.^[43][44] Many of Pakistan’s independent television and radio stations are based in Karachi, including world-popular Business Plus, AAJ News, Geo TV, KTN,^[45] Sindh TV,^[46] CNBC Pakistan, TV ONE, ARY Digital, Indus Television Network, Samaa TV and Dawn News, as well as several local stations.

Karachi has several large industrial zones such as Karachi Export Processing Zone, SITE, Korangi, Northern Bypass Industrial Zone, Bin Qasim and North Karachi, located on the fringes of the main city.^[47] Its primary areas of industry are textiles, pharmaceuticals, steel, and automobiles. In addition, Karachi has a vibrant cottage industry and there is a rapidly flourishing Free Zone with an annual growth rate of nearly 6.5%. The Karachi Expo Centre hosts many regional and international exhibitions.^[48] There are many development projects proposed, approved and under construction in Karachi. Among projects of note, Emaar Properties is proposing to invest $43bn (£22.8bn) in Karachi to develop Bundal Island, which is a 12,000 acres (49 km²) island just off the coast of Karachi.^[49] The Karachi Port Trust is planning a Rs. 20 billion, 1,947 feet (593 m) high Port Tower Complex on the Clifton shoreline.^[50][51] It will comprise a hotel, a shopping center, an exhibition center and a revolving restaurant with a viewing gallery offering a panoramic view of the coastline and the city.^[52]

As one of the most rapidly growing cities in the world, Karachi faces challenges that are central to many developing metropolises, including traffic congestion, pollution, poverty and street crime. These problems continue to earn Karachi low rankings in livability comparisons: The Economist ranked Karachi fourth least livable city amongst the 132 cities surveyed^[53] and BusinessWeek ranked it 175 out of 215 in livability in 2007, down from 170 in 2006.^[54]

Civic administration[link]

Karachi Municipal Corporation Building

The first form of government was a conservancy board established in 1846 to control the spread of cholera in the city.^[55] The board became a municipal commission in 1852, and a municipal committee the following year.^[55] The City of Karachi Municipal Act of 1933 transformed the city administration into a municipal corporation with a mayor, a deputy mayor and 57 councillors.^[55] In 1948, the Federal Capital Territory of Pakistan was created, comprising approximately 2,103 km² (812 sq mi) of Karachi and surrounding areas, but this was merged into the province of West Pakistan in 1961.^[56] However, the municipal corporation remained in existence and in 1976 became a metropolitan corporation, followed by the creation of zonal municipal committees, which lasted until 1994.^[55] Two years later the metropolitan area was divided into five districts, each with a municipal corporation.^[55]

in 2001, five districts of Karachi were merged to form the city district of Karachi. It was structured as a three-tier federation, with the two lower tiers composed of 18 towns and 178 union councils,^[57] with each tier focussed on elected councils with some common members to provide "vertical linkage" within the federation.^[58] Each union council comprised thirteen members elected from specified electorates: four men and two women elected directly by the general population; two men and two women elected by peasants and workers; one member for minority communities; two members are elected jointly as the union mayor (nazim) and deputy union mayor (naib nazim).^[59] Each town council was comprised all of the deputy union mayors in the town as well as elected representatives for women, peasants and workers, and minorities.^[60] The district council was comprised all of the union mayors in the district as well as elected representatives for women, peasants and workers, and minorities.^[61] Each council was also included up to three council secretaries and a number of other civil servants. Naimatullah Khan was the first Nazim of Karachi and Shafiq-Ur-Rehman Paracha was the first district coordination officer (DCO) of Karachi, Paracha even served as the last Commissioner of Karachi. Syed Mustafa Kamal was elected City Nazim of Karachi to succeed Naimatullah Khan in 2005 elections, and Nasreen Jalil was elected as the City Naib Nazim.

Again in 2011, City District Government of Karachi has been de-merged into its five original constituent districts namely Karachi East, Karachi West, Karachi Central, Karachi South and District Malir. These five districts form the Karachi Division now.^[62][63][64] City administrator is Muhammad Hussain Syed ^[65] and Municipal Commissioner of Karachi is Matanat Ali Khan.^[66] There are also six military cantonments which are administered by the Pakistan Army.

Karachi South Lyari Town Saddar Town Jamshed Town Karachi East Gulshan Town Korangi Town Landhi Town Shah Faisal Town Karachi Central Liaquatabad Town North Nazimabad Town Gulberg Town New Karachi Town

Karachi West Kemari Town SITE Town Baldia Town Orangi Town Malir Malir Town Bin Qasim Town Gadap Town Cantonments A. Karachi Cantonment B. Clifton Cantonment C. Korangi Creek Cantonment D. Faisal Cantonment E. Malir Cantonment F. Manora Cantonment

Demographics[link]

Trend of population growth (in millions) in Karachi

Karachi's inhabitants, locally known as Karachiites, are a cosmopolitan population composed of many ethno-linguistic groups from all parts of Pakistan, as well as migrants from several different countries and regions, making the city's population a diverse melting pot. The population and demographic distribution of the city has undergone considerable changes over the past 150 years. At the end of the 19th century, the population of the city was about 105,000, with a gradual increase over the next few decades, reaching more than 400,000 on the eve of independence. Current estimates of the population range from 15 to 18 million,^[68][69] of which an estimated 90% are migrants from different backgrounds. The city's population is estimated to be growing at about 5% per year (mainly as a result of internal rural-urban migration), including an estimated 45,000 migrant workers coming to the city every month from different parts of Pakistan.^[70]

The earliest inhabitants of the area that became Karachi included Baloch in the west, and Sindhi tribes such as the Jokhio, Mallaah and Jath in the east. Before the departure of British colonial rule and the subsequent independence of Pakistan, the population of the city included Hindus and Sikhs, but the community is still present numbering around 250,000 residents.^[71] The city was, and still is home to a large community of Gujarati Muslims, who were one of the earliest settlers in the city, and still form the majority in Saddar Town. Important Gujarati Muslim communities in the city include the Memon, Chhipa, Ghanchi, Khoja, Bohra and Tai. Other early settlers included the Marwari Muslims, Parsis, also originally from Gujarat, Marathi and Konkani Muslims from Maharashtra (settled in Kokan Town), Goan Catholics and Anglo-Indians. Most non-Muslims left the city to India in the 1950s, after independence, but there are still small communities of Parsis, Goan Catholics and Anglo-Indians in the city.

A mosque of Defence Housing Authority

Saint Patrick's Cathedral

The independence of Pakistan in 1947 saw the settlement of the what is now the largest ethnic community in the city, the Muhajirs who migrated from India in search of a Muslim homeland and settled in Pakistan, that's why the culture of Karachi is very similar to any Indian Muslim dominant city and the city's first language is Urdu because of these Muhajir unlike other parts of the country^[72] Most properties vacated by Hindus were granted to Urdu-speaking Muslim migrants who had migrated from India, Known as Muhajirs, their descendants now form the majority of Karachi's residents. Partition also saw the settlement of a large number of Punjabi Muslims from East Punjab, Kashmiri Muslims from the Kashmir Valley, and further immigration of Gujarati Muslims and Konkani Muslims from India. There are numerous Pashto speakers Pashtuns from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province who joined their families who were already in Karachi from early 20th century along with Saraikis, Kashmiri, Hinko, Baloch and Punjabi peoples . Within the Muhajirs, there is also a sizable community of Marathi Hindus and Malayali Muslims in Karachi (the Mappila), originally from Kerala in South India.^[73]

The Pashtuns (Pakhtuns or Pathans), originally from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, FATA and northern Balochistan, are now the city's second largest ethnic group in Karachi after Muhajirs.^[74][75] With as high as 7 million by some estimates, the city of Karachi in Pakistan has the largest concentration of urban Pakhtun population in the world, including 50,000 registered Afghan refugees in the city.^[76]

After the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, thousands of Biharis and Bengalis from Bangladesh arrived in the city, and today Karachi is home to 1 to 2 million ethnic Bengalis from Bangladesh (see Bangladeshis in Pakistan),^[77][78] many of whom migrated in the 1980s and 1990s. They were followed by Rohingya Muslim refugees from western Burma (for more information, see Burmese people in Pakistan),^[79] and Asian refugees from Uganda. One under-privileged ethnic group are the Siddis (Negro - Sheedi) who trace their roots to African slaves from earlier centuries.^[80] Many other refugees from Iran and the Central Asian countries constituting the former Soviet Union have also settled in the city as economic migrants. There also exists a small Nepali population, large numbers of Arabs, Filipinos and an economic elite of Sinhalese from Sri Lanka.^[81] Expatriates from China have a history going back to the 1940s; today, many of the Chinese are second-generation children of immigrants who came to the city and worked as dentists, chefs and shoemakers.^[81][82]

Karachi is furthermore host to a large number of western expatriates in Pakistan. During World War II, about 30,000 Polish refugees migrated to Karachi, at that time under British colonial rule.Many of these Polish families settled permanently in the city.^[83] There are also well-established communities of American^[84] and British expatriates.

According to the census of 1998, the religious breakdown of the city is as follows: Muslim (96.45%); Christian (2.42%); Hindu (0.86%); Ahmadi (0.17%) and others (Parsis, Sikhs, Bahá'ís, Jews and Buddhists) (0.10%).^[85] Karachi has been sometimes regarded as an ethnically segregated city, with 75% of the city regarded as being segregated along ethnic lines.^[86]

According to the census of 1998, the linguistic distribution of the city was : Urdu: 62.52%; Pashto: 5.42%; Punjabi: 13.94%; Sindhi: 7.22%; Balochi: 4.34%; Saraiki: 2.11%; others: 12.4%. The others include Gujarati, Dawoodi Bohra, Memon, Brahui, Makrani, Khowar, Burushaski, Arabic, Persian and Bengali.^[87]

Art and culture[link]

Mohatta Palace

National Museum of Pakistan

Karachi is home to some of Pakistan's important cultural institutions. The National Academy of Performing Arts,^[88] located in the newly renovated Hindu Gymkhana, offers a two-year diploma course in performing arts that includes classical music and contemporary theatre. The All Pakistan Music Conference, linked to the 45-year-old similar institution in Lahore, has been holding its Annual Music Festival since its inception in 2004. The Festival is now a well-established feature of the city life of Karachi that is attended by more than 3000 citizens of Karachi as well as people from other cities.^[89] The National Arts Council (Koocha-e-Saqafat) has musical performances and mushaira (poetry recitations). The Kara Film Festival annually showcases independent Pakistani and international films and documentaries. Karachi is home to many theatre, music and dance performance groups, such as Thespianz Theater, a professional youth-based, non-profit performing arts group, which works non-stop on theater and arts activities in Pakistan^{[citation needed]}. A well developed Fashion website serving Pakistani fashion industry is FORMA.pk.

Karachi has many museums that present exhibitions on a regular basis, including the Mohatta Palace and the National Museum of Pakistan. Karachi Expo Centre hosts many regional and international exhibitions.

The everyday lifestyle of Karachi differs substantially from that of other Pakistani cities and towns. The culture of Karachi is characterized by the blending of South Asian, Middle Eastern, Central Asian and Western influences, as well as its status as a major international business centre. After the independence of Pakistan, Karachi received a large number of refugees from all over India, whose influence is now evident in the city's different sub-cultures. Karachi hosts the largest middle class stratum of the country and is the most liberal city in Pakistan.^{[citation needed]}

Architecture[link]

3 Talwar (Swords), Clifton, Karachi

Karachi has a rich collection of buildings and structures of varied architectural styles. Many modern high-rise buildings are under construction. The downtown districts of Saddar and Clifton contain a variety of early 20th-century architecture, ranging in style from the neo-classical KPT building to the Sindh High Court Building. During the period of British rule, classical architecture was preferred for monuments of the British Raj.^{[citation needed]} Karachi acquired its first neo-Gothic or Indo-Gothic buildings when Frere Hall, Empress Market and St. Patrick's Cathedral were completed. The Mock Tudor architectural style was introduced in the Karachi Gymkhana and the Boat Club. Neo-Renaissance architecture was popular in the 19th century and was the language for St. Joseph's Convent (1870) and the Sind Club (1883).^[90] The classical style made a comeback in the late 19th century, as seen in Lady Dufferin Hospital (1898)^[91] and the Cantt. Railway Station. While Italianate buildings remained popular, an eclectic blend termed Indo-Saracenic or Anglo-Mughal began to emerge in some locations.

The local mercantile community began acquiring impressive mercantile structures. Zaibunnisa Street in the Saddar area (known as Elphinstone Street in British days) is an example where the mercantile groups adopted the Italianate and Indo-Saracenic style to demonstrate their familiarity with Western culture and their own. The Hindu Gymkhana (1925) and Mohatta Palace are the example of Mughal revival buildings.^[92] The Sindh Wildlife Conservation Building, located in Saddar, served as a Freemasonic Lodge until it was taken over by the government. There are talks of it being taken away from this custody and being renovated and the Lodge being preserved with its original woodwork and ornate wooden staircase.^[93]

In recent years, a large number of architecturally distinctive, even eccentric, buildings have sprung up throughout Karachi. Notable examples of contemporary architecture include the Pakistan State Oil Headquarters building and the Karachi Financial Towers. The city has numerous examples of modern Islamic architecture, including the Aga Khan University hospital, Masjid e Tooba, Faran Mosque, Bait-ul Mukarram Mosque, Quaid's Mausoleum, and the Textile Institute of Pakistan. One of the unique cultural elements of Karachi is that the residences, which are two- or three-story townhouses, are built with the front yard protected by a high brick wall. Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar Road features a range of extremely tall buildings. The most prominent examples include the Habib Bank Plaza, PRC Towers and the MCB Tower which is the tallest skyscraper in Pakistan.^[94]

Many more high-rise buildings are under construction, such as Centre Point near Korangi Industrial Area, IT Tower, Sofitel Tower Karachi and Emerald Tower. The Government of Sindh recently^[when?] approved the construction of two high-density zones, which will host the new city skyline.

Cuisine[link]

Being a cosmopolitan city of Pakistan, Karachi has variety of restaurants from fast food to conventional restaurants and international. The Port Grand Food and Entertainment Complex is the largest food street of Asia. Port Grand project is a 13-acre world-class facility that has been designed and built in collaboration with top international architects/designers who employed the latest technology and building techniques to deliver a state-of-the-art facility. Boat basin is also a very famous food market. Burns Road in Saddar has traditionally been the place to find traditional Pakistani food.

Fashion, shopping and entertainment[link]

The night life in Karachi is believed to be the best in all of Pakistan. Karachi is also known as city of lights and the city which never sleeps. Almost every day entertainment events are held in Karachi ranging from fashion shows, concerts, or even small gigs at local cafes.

Karachi has always been proactive in organizing large events but because of the political and economic crisis in the country, activities have recently been slowed down. Karachi continues to host many different cultural and fashion shows. In 2009 a four-day-long fashion show was organized in Karachi's luxury Marriott hotel.^[95] Karachi has many glitzy shopping malls in the Clifton area, Tariq Road, Gulshan-e-Iqbal and Hyderi shopping area, such as Park Towers, The Forum, Dolmen Mall and Millenium Mall. Zamzama Boulevard is known for its designer stores and many cafes. There are many bazaars in Karachi selling different merchandise. The famous bazaars include Bohri Bazaar, Soldier Bazaar, and Urdu Bazaar. Foreign clothes brands and famous Pakistani fashion labels (such as Amir Adnan, Aijazz, Rizwan Beyg, Deepak Perwani, Shayanne Malik, Maria B, Khaadi, Sputnik Footwear, Metro Shoes, English Boot House, Cotton & Cotton, Men's Store and Junaid Jamshed) are present in shopping districts of the city. The newly built shopping center Port Grand Food and Entertainment Complex is located at Port of Karachi near Native Jetty Bridge.

Sports[link]